Patent has been always noteworthy for world Intellectual Property Organization as the most important tool in supporting inventors. So several efforts have been done to altering this issue to universal act, by creating an international patent system like Paris and Trips convention. Patent cooperation treaty is a beginning for deep unification between different countries by mission of make uniform procedural patent law. In this debate this the question is raised: Hase PCT system been succeed to assimilate procedural patent law? is it mainly possible to create a worldwide patent system, excluding different national and regional patent laws? This research surveys the level of acceptance of PCT results in different national and regional patent systems, Using descriptive-analytical method. The results show that patent offices can apply Work-sharing process by creating reformations in PCT and creating legislations to increasing trust to the search results of different some patent offices.

The expansion of international protection of human rights norms and the birth of new forms of crime have led to profound changes in various areas of Criminal law. Regulation and ratification of international documents with the aim of eliminating the legal vacuums and promoting harmonization in the national criminal law systems and in order to create and promote effective criminal responses to such crimes has replaced the classical Criminal law mechanisms. But, the actions of some states in absorbing and integrating the acts determined in international documents have not been in line with the purposes of these documents in the global confrontation with the violation of international norms.Using descriptive and analytical method, this study seeks to investigate the obstacles to this alignment in both political and legal fields. The findings show that the structural changes of the UN in promoting the decisive role of states, increasing convergence at the regional level consequently increasing the influence of policy-making in the international arena, the flexibility of national criminal law systems with the international documents and the maximum use of reservation right will be effective in increasing alignment in the agreed areas and reducing the complexities arising from these obstacles.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

Background: Our country has been faced with severe drought caused by climate changes, but our behavior regarding cultivation pattern of crops and dietary habit has not been changed and they are not in a harmony with current dry condition of our country. Negative impacts of drought and climate change in Iran threat food security and approaches to address them are optimized cultivation pattern and dietary habit of Iranians. In the same direction with the statement of supermom leader of Iran Islamic revolution regarding paying more attention to “resistive economy”, for national and food security and reduce dependence to other countries, food basket of Iranians must be filled based on food crops adapted to drought climate of Iran. Unfortunately, this fact has not been considered in Iran and rice, an adapted crop to high rainfall area, is the second food crop after wheat in Iran. The question is why in a dry country like Iran, affected by negative impacts of climate changes and drought, and according to evidences, drought adapted crops such as chick pea and lentil which in decades ago had a main portion on food table of Iranians and provided carbohydrate, protein and fibers, have been replaced by rice, nevertheless of their more nutritional and medicinal value than rice.Moreover, these crops are more resistant to drought even than wheat. In dry cropping seasons when wheat faces with crop failure, crops such as chick pea and lentil obtain acceptable economic yield. Also, growing these crops enhance fertility of soil and reduce requirement to apply chemical fertilizers in fields. Adding these clean crops to people’s food table and replacing them with a part of consuming bread, rice and meat, is one of the effective approaches to tackle negative impact of climate change, to enhance health of Iranians and self-sufficiency, and also is in the same direction with resistive economy. In dry condition of Iran chickpea and lentil production and consumption must been paid more attention. To promote the culture of consumption chickpea lentil and other food crops adapted to dry condition of Iran, requires national intention and Jihadic management, and ministries of Jihade-Agriculture, Education and Health and Islamic republic broadcasting organization must work as a team and acknowledge this work as effective approaches to promote “resistive economy” to enhance food and national security.

Homemaking is one of the main roles of women in all societies that is interpreted and executed differently in different social and cultural contexts. The aim of the current study is to explore the concept of homemaking in the interpretation of housewives in Shiraz City. For this purpose, a constructivist qualitative approach and a generic theory qualitative method have been used. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with individual participants and groups. The participants consisted of 34 married housewives, with children who had at least five years of married life. They were selected form different regions of Shiraz through purposive and snowball sampling methods. The data were analyzed using theoretical coding techniques. The interview transcripts were categorized under six schemes: marriage norm, child status, role management and acceptance, role pressure and over-load, instability of homemaking role, as well as rethinking and regretting. The core category in this research is harmonization challenge, indicating that women experience contradictory expectations and acts and actively try to harmonize these contradictions.

As a result of the advancement of technology, using the patent and the relationship among inventors have been developed. These factors have put forward a new type of contract called “patent pools”. Pool is a means to manage and commercialize the patent. Pool is a collective management of inventions resulting from legal-economic circumstances, such as patent thicket, collaboration among inventors, increase in research activities, avoiding the possible patent infringement, reducing transaction costs. By considering that Iran is dealing with these agreements in its development stages, this article aims to fill the gap in terms of literature. This article analytically examines related literature by addressing this question: How can inventors, consumers and society benefit from these contracts. In dealing with this question, cost-benefit analysis is considered. This paper first defines the pool and its features, and then analyzes its economic fundamentals.